作者	何兆武/等主编：杨国辅
出版社
出版时间	1998-01-01

特色：

片断：INTRODUCTIONTOTHESOCIETYANDIDEOLOGYOFTHEPRE-QINPERIODWhenthepre-Qinperiodisreferredto,itmeansingeneralthehistoricalperiodbeforetheunificationofthesixstatesbytheQinDynasty.TherewerecomprisedinitthesucceedingepochsoftheXia,theShangandtheZhoudynastiesandtheWarringStatesPeriod.ItmarkedthebeginningofthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandideology.EvenintheprimitiveerabeforetheestablishmentoftheearliestdynastyofXia,ourancestorsthroughtheirage-longlabourhadnotonlyformedsocietiesbutalsohaddevelopedtheirthinkingpowers,thusbringingtolifetheearliestelementsofhumanthought.Later,withthegrowthofsocialproductivity,itbecamepossibleforpeopletoenjoysurplusproductsandwiththistheideaofprivatepropertybegan.Thenclassesandstatescameintobeing.Accordingtolegends,thistransitiontookplacewiththefoundingoftheXiaDynasty(about2lst-16thcenturyB.C.).TheXiaDynastywasfollowedbytheShangDynasty(16th-1IthcenturyB.C.).Bythattimereliablewrittenrecordshadappeared.AfterthefalloftheShangDynastycametheZhouDynasty(1Ith-8thcenturyB.C.)whichmarkedthestageofthedevelopmentofslavery.Asaneconomicinstitution,landownershipbeganaccordingtothe"nine-squares"system(i.e.onesquareoflanddividedintoninesmallerones,theoutereightbeingallocatedtoslaves,whohadtocultivatethecentralonefortheirlord)andenfeoffment(i.e.,invest-ingthenobilitywithhereditarytitles,domainsandslaves).Inpoliticalinstitutions,theZhoudifferedfromtheShangDynastymainlyinitsadoptionoftheprimogenitureuponwhichthepatriar-chalclansystemwasformed.OnthisbasisDukeZhou(namedDan),theleadingstatesmanoftheearlyZhou,"institutedtherites"andthenarathercompletesuperstructurebasedonslaverywasestab-lished.PARTIIDEOLOGYOFTHEPRE-QINPERIODInthesphereofideology,thereligioussuperstitionsinheritedfromtheprimitivesocietiesfurtherdeveloped.Thiswasbecauseofthelowsocialproductivityandbecausepeoplewereunabletoresistnaturaldisastersortofindoutarationalexplanationforthem,whichledtotheworshipofsupernaturalpowers.Also,itwasbecausepeoplewerebeingbroughtintoaclasssocietyandsuffenngfrombothnaturalandevenmoreseveresocialforces.Underthesedoublesup-pressionspeoplemistakenlysawtheirdestiniesbeingdominatedbyasuperhumanpower.Thusbeganagrowingsuperstitioningodsandinheavenlybeings.Withthecollapseoftheprimitivecommunesandthegrowthoftheslavestate,thereligiousworshipofnaturalobjects(polytheism)wasgraduallyturnedintotheworshipofonesupremeGod,calledDiorShangdi(monotheism).ThisGodwasregardedasthesupremedominatorofbothheavenandthehumanworld;andallnaturalphenomenaandhumanaffairswerethoughttobeunderthecontrolofhiswill.Suchabeliefwasthereflectionoftherulingpoweroftheearthlymajestyinhumanminds,onceitwasestablishedandstrengthenedonearth.Thereupon,theideologicalcontentofreligioussuperstitionwasnolongerthemereworshipofthesuper-naturalpowersasintheprimitivesocietybutwasreplacedbythecontentofclasssuppression.TherulingclassoftheShangslavesocietythusdependedontheauthorityofGodtomaintaindomi-nanceoverthehumanworld.Therefore,offenngsacrificestoGodwasamatterofcardinalimportanceinthepoliticallifeofthestate,withallmajorhumanactivitiesneedingthesocerersforomensorprayerstoheavenforhelp.