| 作者 |
| [美]M.尼尔·布朗（M. Neil Browne） [美]斯图尔特·M.基利（Stuart M. Keeley） |
| 丛书名 |
| 出版社 |
| 清华大学出版社 |
| ISBN |
| 9787302533030 |
| 简要 |
| 简介 |
| 内容简介 本书具有简明扼要、清楚易懂以及篇幅短小的特色。这本小书出色地完成了它的既定目标——传授批判性思考和提问的技能。40多年向学生传授批判性思维技能的经验也让我们确信，尽管学生们能力有差异、术业有专攻，只要我们用简单易懂的方法向他们传授批判性思维的技能，他们很快就能成功地将其应用于各种实践。在学以致用的过程中，他们的信心逐步增强，在重大社会问题和个人问题方面，他们做出理性抉择的能力也与日俱增，哪怕面对从前极少经历过的重大问题，他们也一样可以应对自如。 虽然本书主要是从我们的课堂教学经验中总结出来的，但它的目标在于指导绝大多数人培养更佳的阅读和倾听习惯。对于它旨在培养的种种技能，任何一个不盲从、盲信的读者都需要将之拿来用作理性判断的基础。本书所反复强调的批判性问题可以提高我们的论证能力，不管我们受过的正规教育有多少。你在书里的收获，相信会大大出乎你的意料。 |
| 目录 |
| 新时代·职场新技能学会提问(第11版)(英文版) CHAPTER 1 The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions 1 The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1 Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They Say 4 The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5 Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6 The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking Styles 8 Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10 The Importance of Practice 12 Critical Thinking and Other People 12 Values and Other People 12 Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14 Keeping the Conversation Going 16 Creating a Friendly Environment for Communication 19 CHAPTER 2 Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical Thinking 20 The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21 Thinking Too Quickly 21 Stereotypes 22 Mental Habits That Betray Us 23 Halo Effect 24 Belief Perseverance 24 Availability Heuristic 26 Answering the Wrong Question 27 Egocentrism 28 Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29 CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion 33 Kinds of Issues 34 Searching for the Issue 36 Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s Conclusion 37 Using This Critical Question 39 Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39 Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 40 Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41 Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42 Practice Exercises 42 Sample Responses 44 CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons 47 Initiating the Questioning Process 50 Words That Identify Reasons 52 Kinds of Reasons 52 Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53 Using This Critical Question 54 Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54 Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 55 Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching a Conclusion 55 Identify Major Publications That Cover Your Issue 56 Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57 Practice Exercises 57 Sample Responses 59 What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous 62 The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63 Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64 Checking for Ambiguity 67 Using This Critical Question 67 Determining Ambiguity 68 Context and Ambiguity 70 Using This Critical Question 72 Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72 Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75 Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76 Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 77 CHAPTER 5 Keeping Your Eye Out for Ambiguity 77 Practice Exercises 79 Sample Responses 80 CHAPTER 6 What Are the Value and Descriptive Assumptions 84 General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 87 Value Conflicts and Assumptions 88 From Values to Value Assumptions 89 Typical Value Conflicts 91 The Communicator’s Background as a Clue to Value Assumptions 92 Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 92 More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 94 The Value of Knowing the Value Priorities of Others 95 Using This Critical Question 96 Values and Relativism 96 Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive Assumptions 97 Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 97 Common Descriptive Assumptions 100 Clues for Locating Assumptions 101 Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 103 Assumptions and Your Own Writing and Speaking 104 Practice Exercises 106 Sample Responses 108 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning 110 A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning Fallacies 112 Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 114 Discovering Other Common Reasoning Fallacies 116 Looking for Diversions 123 Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 126 Using This Critical Question 127 Summary of Reasoning Errors 127 Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 128 Practice Exercises 128 Sample Responses 130 How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority 133 The Need for Evidence 134 Locating Factual Claims 136 Sources of Evidence 137 Intuition as Evidence 139 Personal Experience as Evidence 140 Case Examples as Evidence 141 Testimonials as Evidence 143 Appeals to Authority as Evidence 145 Using This Critical Question 149 Your Academic Writing and Evidence 149 Practice Exercises 150 Sample Responses 152 CHAPTER 9 How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, and Analogies 153 Personal Observation as Evidence 153 Research Studies as Evidence 154 General Problems with Research Findings 156 Generalizing from the Research Sample 162 Generalizing from the Research Measures 164 Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 166 Analogies as Evidence 169 Identifying and Comprehending Analogies 170 Evaluating Analogies 171 When You Can Most Trust Expert Opinion 174 Research and the Internet 176 Practice Exercises 178 Sample Responses 179 CHAPTER 10 Are There Rival Causes 181 When to Look for Rival Causes 182 The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 183 Detecting Rival Causes 185 The Cause or a Cause 185 Multiple Perspectives as a Guide to Rival Causes 187 Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 188 Confusing Causation with Association 190 Confusing “After This” with “Because of This” 192 Explaining Individual Events or Acts 193 Evaluating Rival Causes 194 Rival Causes and Your Own Communication 195 Exploring Potential Causes 196 Practice Exercises 197 Sample Responses 199 CHAPTER 11 Are the Statistics Deceptive 201 Unknowable and Biased Statistics 203 Confusing Averages 204 Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 207 Deceiving by Omitting Information 208 Using Statistics in Your Writing 210 Practice Exercises 211 Sample Responses 212 CHAPTER 12 What Significant Information Is Omitted 215 The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 216 The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 217 Questions That Identify Omitted Information 219 But We Need to Know the Numbers 220 The Importance of the Negative View 223 Omitted Information That Remains Missing 225 Using This Critical Question 225 Practice Exercises 225 Sample Responses 227 CHAPTER 13 What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible 229 Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple Conclusions 230 Two Sides or Many 232 Productivity of If-Clauses 233 The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative Conclusions 234 Summary 235 Practice Exercises 236 Sample Responses 237 Final Word 238 Index 240 |