| 作者 |
| 魏秉铎 |
| 丛书名 |
| 出版社 |
| 电子工业出版社 |
| ISBN |
| 9787121403224 |
| 简要 |
| 简介 |
| 内容简介书籍教材书店 本书力求与时俱进，将最新、最具代表性的虚拟现实系统及开发相关知识整理出来，从实践与应用的角度出发，在阐述虚拟现实技术特点、理论知识的基础上，介绍虚拟现实系统开发的实践方法及案例，使读者能够在较短时间内认识和掌握虚拟现实开发的相关技术，并具备开发具有沉浸交互、引人构想的虚拟现实系统的能力。本书共10 章，内容包括虚拟现实技术概述、虚拟现实的感知过程、虚拟现实系统介绍、用户界面与人机交互、系统输入及运动跟踪、系统输出系统、开发环境和开发过程、网络虚拟现实、增强现实。本书可作为高等院校计算机科学与技术、软件工程、人工智能、数字媒体等专业虚拟现实技术课程的教材，也可供从事虚拟现实技术行业的工程技术人员及虚拟现实爱好者参考。 |
| 目录 |
| 第1 章虚拟现实概述····················································································.1 1.1 什么是虚拟现实··················································································.1 1.2 虚拟现实发展历史···············································································.3 1.2.1 人的认知特征···················································································.3 1.2.2 沉浸感起源······················································································.3 1.2.3 视觉艺术中的真实感··········································································.4 1.2.4 摄影及动态图像的发展·······································································.5 1.2.5 立体视觉·························································································.6 1.2.6 计算设备发展历史·············································································.7 1.2.7 人机交互发展···················································································.7 1.2.8 虚拟现实的出现················································································.8 1.2.9 虚拟现实的现状················································································11 1.2.10 国内的虚拟现实现状········································································12 1.3 什么是虚拟现实系统···········································································13 1.3.1 人和真实环境之间的联系····································································14 1.3.2 虚拟现实技术如何改变人对真实世界的认知············································14 1.3.3 虚拟现实系统的目标··········································································15 1.3.4 虚拟现实系统的特征··········································································16 1.3.5 沉浸感····························································································17 1.3.6 多模态感知······················································································18 1.3.7 恐怖谷曲线······················································································18 1.3.8 交互性····························································································20 1.3.9 交互与沉浸的循环·············································································20 1.3.10 构想性··························································································21 1.4 虚拟现实系统的类型及应用·································································22 1.4.1 虚拟现实系统类型·············································································22 1.4.2 虚拟现实系统的应用··········································································23 1.4.3 虚拟现实影响的领域··········································································24 第 2 章虚拟现实的感知过程 ·········································································26 2.1 人类的感官·························································································26 2.1.1 感官的目的······················································································28 2.1.2 感知和认知过程················································································29 2.2 视觉····································································································30 2.2.1 颜色感知·························································································32 2.2.2 深度知觉·························································································32 2.2.3 人脑的模式识别················································································35 2.2.4 运动知觉·························································································36 2.3 立体听觉·····························································································37 2.4 平衡感································································································37 2.5 触觉····································································································38 2.6 本体感觉·····························································································39 2.7 综合感知·····························································································39 第 3 章虚拟现实系统····················································································40 3.1 虚拟现实系统基本要求········································································40 3.2 虚拟现实系统架构···············································································41 3.2.1 计算平台·························································································42 3.2.2 基于个人计算机的虚拟现实系统···························································43 3.2.3 GPU ·······························································································43 3.2.4 分布式虚拟现实系统··········································································44 3.2.5 移动设备·························································································44 3.2.6 标准I/O 设备···················································································45 3.2.7 虚拟现实专用I/O 设备·······································································45 3.3 CAVE 系统··························································································46 3.4 虚拟现实系统软件···············································································47 3.4.1 场景图····························································································47 3.4.2 三维渲染引擎···················································································49 3.4.3 物理引擎·························································································50 3.4.4 音频引擎·························································································50 第4 章用户界面与人机交互 ·········································································51 4.1 用户体验·····························································································51 4.1.1 人机交互·························································································52 4.1.2 评估用户体验···················································································54 4.2 框架设计·····························································································55 4.3 虚拟环境的用户界面设计····································································56 4.4 典型的三维交互任务···········································································57 4.5 导航····································································································58 4.5.1 参照·······························································································58 4.5.2 寻路·······························································································59 4.5.3 寻路帮助·························································································59 4.5.4 漫游·······························································································60 4.5.5 漫游任务·························································································61 4.6 选择和操作·························································································61 4.7 系统控制·····························································································63 4.8 图形菜单设计······················································································63 4.9 语音指令·····························································································64 4.10 手势指令···························································································65 4.11 交互工具···························································································65 4.12 多模式用户界面·················································································66 4.13 符号输入···························································································66 第 5 章输入系统及运动跟踪 ·········································································68 5.1 输入设备·····························································································68 5.1.1 输入反馈·························································································69 5.1.2 与人有关的问题················································································70 5.1.3 自由度····························································································70 5.1.4 数据手套·························································································71 5.2 运动跟踪·····························································································73 5.2.1 跟踪器属性······················································································73 5.2.2 跟踪技术·························································································73 5.2.3 机械跟踪器······················································································74 5.2.4 电磁跟踪器······················································································74 5.2.5 声学跟踪器······················································································76 5.2.6 光学跟踪器······················································································76 5.2.7 惯性跟踪器······················································································78 5.2.8 消费级产品······················································································78 5.3 运动捕捉·····························································································79 5.4 人脸识别·····························································································80 第 6 章输出系统···························································································82 6.1 输出设备·····························································································82 6.1.1 视频显示器的特性·············································································82 6.1.2 视频显示器的类型·············································································83 6.1.3 显示技术·························································································84 6.2 立体显示器·························································································85 6.2.1 立体显示系统的眼镜··········································································86 6.2.2 HMD······························································································89 6.2.6 CAVE 系统······················································································90 6.2.7 自动立体显示器················································································90 6.2.8 虚拟视网膜显示················································································92 6.3 音频显示·····························································································93 6.4 波场合成·····························································································93 6.5 触觉反馈·····························································································94 6.6 力反馈································································································95 第 7 章虚拟现实系统开发环境······································································97 7.1 5G 概述·······························································································97 7.2 云计算环境·························································································98 7.3 其他技术环境······················································································98 7.4 虚拟现实软件开发环境·····································································.101 7.4.1 输入/输出驱动接口·········································································.101 7.4.2 3D 引擎·······················································································.101 7.4.3 计算机图形程序接口·······································································.103 7.4.4 Web3D·························································································.105 7.5 虚拟现实系统开发的主要问题··························································.108 7.5.1 5G 问题·······················································································.108 7.5.2 用户体验问题················································································.108 7.5.3 眩晕感的影响因素··········································································.109 第8 章虚拟现实系统开发流程与实例 ························································.113 8.1 开发分工··························································································.113 8.1.1 阶段性计划···················································································.113 8.1.2 策划、程序和美术的协同·································································.114 8.2 虚拟现实系统设计············································································.117 8.2.1 虚拟现实的内容区域·······································································.117 8.2.2 虚拟现实的内容尺寸·······································································.119 8.2.3 代入感和舒适性·············································································.120 8.3 漫游系统开发实例············································································.123 8.3.1 搭建开发环境················································································.123 8.3.2 创建项目······················································································.124 8.3.3 设置StreamVR···············································································.124 8.3.4 处理输入······················································································.126 8.3.5 在物理对象上应用手柄····································································.129 8.3.6 制作一只激光笔·············································································.133 8.3.7 移动····························································································.136 8.4 应用类型··························································································.140 8.4.1 VR 游戏·······················································································.140 8.4.2 VR 旅游·······················································································.143 8.4.3 VR 购物·······················································································.144 8.4.4 VR 医疗·······················································································.145 8.4.5 VR 教育·······················································································.149 8.4.6 VR 行业应用·················································································.151 第9 章网络虚拟现实系统··········································································.152 9.1 网络虚拟环境···················································································.152 9.1.1 网络虚拟环境的应用·······································································.153 9.1.2 分布式虚拟环境的问题····································································.153 9.2 架构·································································································.154 9.2.1 无服务器架构················································································.154 9.2.2 单服务器架构················································································.155 9.2.3 多服务器架构················································································.156 9.2.4 协调多服务器架构··········································································.156 9.3 状态同步··························································································.157 9.3.1 共享数据库···················································································.157 9.3.2 状态更新······················································································.158 9.3.3 航位推算······················································································.158 9.4 多用户虚拟现实系统开发概述··························································.159 第 10 章增强现实······················································································.161 10.1 增强现实与虚拟现实·······································································.161 10.1.1 增强现实的历史···········································································.162 10.1.2 现实生活中的应用········································································.164 10.2 视觉增强现实·················································································.164 10.2.1 图像配准····················································································.164 10.2.2 基于HMD 的增强现实系统·····························································.167 10.2.3 基于显示器的增强现实系统与基于投影仪的增强现实系统·····················.169 10.2.4 移动增强现实··············································································.171 10.3 非视觉增强现实··············································································.172 10.4 增强现实系统开发··········································································.174 10.4.1 开发现状····················································································.174 10.4.2 开发步骤····················································································.174 10.4.3 主要开发环境··············································································.176 10.4.4 Unity 3D 与AR Foundation ······························································.177 10.5 增强现实与可穿戴计算···································································.179 附录A 相关词汇························································································.183 参考文献······································································································.189 |