作者 | 张道真温志达 |
出版社 | |
出版时间 | 2004-01-01 |
特色:
本书注重实用,不谈语法历史,也不谈语法理论,重点全在一般人比较关心的英语法则。本书内容力求丰富,但解释方法,力求简单明了,使读者不觉深奥复杂。本书在有些地方提出了很少有人注意的题目(例如‘体’),对某单词的特别解释(例如‘感情’形容词),和对四十七种句型的观点,可能会得到读者的留意。本书例句,尽量避免难字,而目尽量简短,能把语法说明,便即止步。本书适合具有中高水准英语水平的读者使用。
本书分为两部,前部是英语词法,是八类词个别的研究。后部是英语句法,是八类词综合的研究。本书例句甚多,但避免同类的呆板例句,同时有不少新的因素不断加人,方便读者灵活运用,随机应变。本书末尾,附有很详细的索引,使读者能在一万条目中找到他要找的问题,而答案不论躲在书中任何角落,他都能快速寻到它。片断:It的用法7.It的用法53It有许多不同的用法,主要有下面几种情况,*常用的是:a.指前面提到的东西:1)Heboughtabookandgaveittome.(代表前面的中性名词,这类情况*多)2)Hehasababy,helovesit(orhimorher).(It可以代表baby)Hehasgotapig,hehaskeptitfivemounths.(It可代表动物)Providence?Itisalwayshidden.(It可以指“上苍”)(但God要用He和Him代表,如:AllcomesfromGodandmustgobacktoHimagain.)Nothing(或Everthing)islost,isit?(或isn’tit)?3)Hetriedtogetup,butfounditimpossible.(指句子前面某部分表示的意思)Helearnsmusic,anditwilltakehimmanyyears.Imustsaysomething,butitisimpossible.4)Hearrivedyesterday,butnobodyknowsit.(代表前面整个句子,但在这种情况下用that更好一些。)Johnhateschildren,anditisstrange.Thatsheknowshimandtheyhavebeenschoolmates,itisafact.5)Heisanidiot,andhelooksit(orthat)(=anidiot).(It用在系动词look后面时,可指前面出现的一个名词或形容词。)Theyarestrongandshouldbeit(=strong).54b.指句子后部的东西:It也常代表句子后部的某些词、短语或从句。可用作主语,也可用作宾补动词的宾语:用作主语:1)Itwasshocking,thataccident.(代表名词)ItIsaviciousanimal,thatdogofyours.(代表名词)2)Itseemsimpolitetotalkloud.(代表不定式短语)Ittakesaboutfouryearstounderstandgrammar.(代表不定式短语)Abloodiercrimethanthis(长宾语提前)it’shardtoimagine.(代表不定式短语).3)Itiswonderful,swimminginsummer.(代表动名词).(较少见)4)Itastonishedherthatyoushouldsuddenlydisappear.(代表名词性从句)Itpuzzlesmewhyyoudidnotletmeknow,(代表名词性从句)作宾补动词的宾语:5)Isupposeitwrongtotelllies.(代表后面的不定式短语)6)Hethinksitfoolishtolearnmusic.(代表后面的不定式短语)Ithinkitimpossiblethatheshouldill-treather.(代表后面的名词从句)Isupposeitmysterioushowhegotrich.(代表后面的名词从句)Itis...that...结构:用来对句子的某部分加以强调:7)Itishethathasbroughtmeupwithatruelove.(通常说Hebroughtmeupwithatruelove.如对这个句子的主语he加以强调,可用上面这种结构。)Itismethathehasbroughtupwithatruelove.(对原句的宾语me加以强调)Itiswithatruelovethathehasbroughtmeup.(对原句的介词短语加以强调)Itwasaftermyparentsdiedthathebroughtmeupwithatruelove.(原句为Hebroughtmeupwithatrueloveaftermyparentsdied,上面结构是对原句的状语从句加以强调。)试比较下面句子:ItIstendayssinceIarrived.Itwastendaysagothat(orwhen)Iarrived.ItwasInChinawhere(orthat)wemet.55C.It也可用来1)作主语,表示天气、时间或距离:a)Itwasfine(cold,cloudy;rained,froze,snowed,threatenedtorain,wasblowinghard,lightenedand,thundered).b)Itwasteno’clock(stillearly,gettingdark,timetogo,Sunday,springmorning,toolong,threeyears.now,longlongago).c)Itistoo(orso)far(twomilesaway,within300me-tersofthebridge,farfaraway,alongway,Insteadoffar)2)作宾语,不代表什么东西,只给句子某种特色,有一些俚语的味道:a)作动词的宾语:Hefooteditthroughthemuddyroad(hikedit,ranit,walkedittothetown;lordeditoverthem,dukedit,bossedit;roughedit,piggedit;foughtitout,battledit,haditoutwithMary;tookitoutof(oron)John,gaveit(hot)toher;willcatchit,haditintheface;brazeneditout,braveditout;chancedit)."Goit!"cheeredtheaudience.Youarecoming(orgoing)it(too)strong.Don'tdrawitstrong,drawitmild.Hehadithisownway,wouldhaveitthatIwaswrong.As(ill)luckwouldhaveit,herbrotherdied.Asheputit."Nomoney,notalk."Takeiteasy.AsItakeit,heknowsnothing.Hangitall!Deucetakeit!Damnit!Dashit!Botherit!b)作介词of或for的宾语:Hehadahardtimeofit,madeajollylifeofit,hadthebest(theworst)ofit.Hemadearevengeofit.Whatadinnerhaveofit!Hemadeaboltforit,hadtorunforit.Thoughhehaddonenothing,hewasinforit.Hewashardputtoit.3)作主语,代表作主语的另一人称代词,常和系动词和With引出的短语连用:Itiswellwithher.(比较:Sheiswell.)Itisallover(orup)withus.Itisalwayssowithchildren.(比较:Childrenareal-wayslikethat.)Itfaredwellwithme.Howisitwithyourfamily?Itseemstobethecasewithwomen.4)其他情况:a)“Whoisit?”“Itisme.ItcannotbeJohn.IsthisMr.Huntington?’‘Itis.’(It用来表示一个身份尚不明确的人,译为汉语时常不译出,如上面句子可译为“是谁?”“是我。”“不可能是John。”“是的。”)b)Whataprettygirlitis!(用在感叹句中,表示亲密。)多漂亮的姑娘呀!Whatanassitis!(用在感叹句中,表示鄙视)真是个大笨蛋!c)ItsaysintheBible(orthenewspapers)that.(说theBiblesays…更好)d)Heisreally‘it’(=astupidfellow,oranimportantperson).Sheisreally‘it’(=asexygirl).Thatisit(=SomethingIwanttoknow).Thatisaboutit(=nearlythecase).Thatmustbeit.56d.在某些情况下it可以省略不用。1)作宾语时省略:Idon'tknowwhatitis,butI'llfindout."Whohascome?""Idon'tknow.""Howisitdone?""Theywillshow.Isay.Ican'tsay.Iwilltry.Iwillnotgiveup."Idon'tunderstand.""Iwillexplain!"Idon'thear.Idon'tnotice.Youcanaskhim.Ican'ttell.Iforget.Idon'tremember,becauseIdon'tmind.Youwillsee.Nobodycandeny.Icannotrefuse,Imustaccept.2)作主语时省略:(It)Seemseasy.(It)Soundsfunny.(It)Doesn'tmatter.(It)Lookslikeweareokay,but...(Itis)Mymistake.(Itis常被省略)(Itis)Verykindofyoutoseeme.